Ph.D., Political Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
Dissertation – Social Justice According to Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of Islamic Activism in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. (1995) supervised by the late Ted Robert Gurr.
First Field: Comparative Politics.
Second Field: International Relations
MA, International Relations, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, minor in Development and Domestic Conflict in the Third World. (1992)
BA, Major: Political Science, Minor in Sociology American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt. (1986)